Shared Memory Properties
| Property |
Description |
Reasonable Value |
Snow Leopard Default |
| xxx |
yyy |
zzz |
nnn |
| xxx |
yyy |
zzz |
nnn |
| xxx |
yyy |
zzz |
nnn |
The best I can figure out: Apparently "shared memory" is a way for separate processes to share information. Since Postgres launches several processes for itself, and then one more process for each connected user, the processes must have access to "shared memory" in common. Setting this amount is critical to successful use of Postgres. The bulk of the database operations take place in that memory. So the bigger the database, the more memory you need allocated to "shared memory".
This is not normal among Mac apps. Most Mac apps ask for more memory than they need. Mac OS X responds to the app by lying, saying "Yes, you can have that much memory". But in fact the app gets a mere fraction of that. When the app starts using that memory, and runs low, the virtual memory system allocates more memory as actually needed. A few apps, such as 4D or Photoshop, grab big chunks of real memory to be managed internally by that app rather than be managed by the Mac OS X virtual memory system.
Rather than go either of these routes, Postgres and other SQL database engines (DB2, Sybase, etc.) use "shared memory". The catch is that by default Mac OS X may have set low limits to the amount of shared memory allowed.
So how do we view the current shared memory settings and set them in Mac OS X? The answer: In the command line, using a tool called sysctl.
Check your settings by typing into your Mac's Terminal program:
sysctl -a
We can use a shorter list, as we don't care about most of those settings. Typing a partial name, up to any of the periods, acts as a filter. Type:
sysctl kern.sysv.
By the way, "kern" is usually short for "kernel" meaning the heart of the operating system.
Postgres also cares about:
- kern.maxprocperuid
- kern.maxproc
The defaults for the settings we care about on a fresh Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6.5 installation are as follows. Each of these are described in the
Postgres doc, with some of that info pasted here.
SHARED MEMORY
- kern.sysv.shmmax
The most important shared memory parameter. The maximum size, in bytes, of a shared memory segment. Desirable settings are in the hundreds of megabytes to a few gigabytes. Must be a multiple of 4096 or else your setting will be ignored.
Some possible values:
‣ 67,108,864 = 67 megs
‣ 134,217,728 = 134 megs
‣ 536,870,912= Half a gig
‣ 805,306,368 = Upwards of a gig
‣ 1,073,741,824 = 1 gig
‣ 1,610,612,736 = 1 1/2 gigs
‣ 2,147,483,648 = 2 gigs
‣ 4,294,967,296 = 4 gigs
‣ 6,442,450,944 = 6 gigs
Reasonable value: Depends on your database. From several megs to several gigs.
Snow Leopard default: 4194304
- kern.sysv.shmmin:
Minimum size of shared memory segment (bytes).
Reasonable value: 1
Snow Leopard default: 1
- kern.sysv.shmseg
Maximum number of shared memory segments per process.
Reasonable value: Need only 1 segment. But setting may be higher.
Snow Leopard default: 8
- kern.sysv.shmmni
Maximum number of shared memory segments system-wide.
Reasonable value: Like SHMSEG plus room for other applications
Snow Leopard default: 32`
- kern.sysv.shmall
Limit on the total amount of shared memory in the system. Measured in 4 kB pages.
Reasonable value: ceil(shmmax/PAGE_SIZE).
Snow Leopard default: 1024
- kern.sysv.semmni: 87381
Maximum number of semaphore identifiers (i.e., sets).
Reasonable value: At least ceil((max_connections + autovacuum_max_workers) / 16)
Snow Leopard default: xxx
- kern.sysv.semmns:
Snow Leopard default: 87381
- kern.sysv.semmnu:
Snow Leopard default: 87381
- kern.sysv.semmsl: 87381
Snow Leopard default: 87381
- kern.sysv.semume: 10
Snow Leopard default: 10
- kern.maxprocperuid: 266 //
- kern.maxproc: 532 //
When setting these by way of a sysctl.conf file, you must include all 5 of the following settings, or else your settings will be ignored.
- kern.sysv.shmmax
- kern.sysv.shmmin
- kern.sysv.shmmni
- kern.sysv.shmseg
- kern.sysv.shmall
The Postgres doc suggests the following for Mac OS X. Notice that these suggestions happen to be precisely the default values in Snow Leopard (as seen above), so you need not bother at all. While these defaults let you install and run Postgres, you must raise shmmax and shmall when your databases grow.
- kern.sysv.shmmax=4194304
- kern.sysv.shmmin=1
- kern.sysv.shmmni=32
- kern.sysv.shmseg=8
- kern.sysv.shmall=1024
The ReadMe that accompanies the Postgres 9 one-click installer suggests the following for a 2-gig MacBook. These settings seem way too large to me for a computer with only 2 gigs of memory.
- kern.sysv.shmmax=1610612736
- kern.sysv.shmall=393216
- kern.sysv.shmmin=1
- kern.sysv.shmmni=32
- kern.sysv.shmseg=8
- kern.maxprocperuid=512
- kern.maxproc=2048
- kern.sysv.shmmax must also be a multiple of 4096.
- (kern.sysv.shmall * 4096) should be greater than or equal to kern.sysv.shmmax.
Bruce Momjian, one of the core contributors, has a
wealth of information and advice on such matters, especially his
Administration class slides.
The upshot seems to be that you should check for these things:
- kern.sysv.shmmax >= several million [several megabytes]
- (kern.sysv.shmall * 4096) >= kern.sysv.shmmax
- (kern.sysv.shmmax / 4096) = 0 [even multiple of 4096]
If you do decide to edit your
syscntl.conf file, be sure to make a backup copy first. You'll find that file in the hidden folder /etc. Finding and editing such hidden files is easily done using the excellent
Path Finder tool, a Swiss-army knife for Mac programmers and geeks.
My Mac's settings seemed to meet their requirements, so I made no changes. Perhaps earlier versions of Mac OS X required such changes. This was the only speed-bump I encountered, and it turned out to be a non-issue in my case.
